What's banned, why, what reef-safe sunscreen to use instead, and why it matters for Hawaii's marine ecosystems.
Hawaii became the first U.S. state to ban the sale of sunscreens containing two chemicals — oxybenzone and octinoxate — that scientific research has linked to coral reef damage. Retailers in Hawaii cannot sell sunscreens containing these ingredients. The law aims to reduce one human-caused stressor on Hawaii's already threatened coral reefs.
One of the most common chemical UV filters, found in roughly 70% of non-mineral sunscreens. Research shows oxybenzone can cause coral bleaching at very low concentrations (as low as 62 parts per trillion), disrupt coral reproduction, and cause developmental deformities in juvenile coral. It's also been detected in coral tissue and at high concentrations near popular snorkeling beaches like Hanauma Bay.
Another widespread chemical UV filter, octinoxate has been found to cause coral bleaching and disrupt the endocrine systems of marine organisms. It accumulates in coral tissue and has been found in Hawaii's coastal waters. It is also a common ingredient in lip balms and cosmetics with SPF.
Zinc oxide physically reflects UV light rather than absorbing it chemically. Non-nano zinc oxide particles are too large to be absorbed by coral tissue, making them much safer for reef ecosystems. Zinc oxide provides broad-spectrum UVA and UVB protection.
Also a mineral UV blocker and considered reef-safer than chemical options, though some research suggests nano-particle titanium dioxide may have some impacts. Look for non-nano formulations. Often found alongside zinc oxide in reef-safe products.
All sold in Hawaii stores and widely available online. Always verify ingredients — "reef safe" labeling is not regulated.
The "reef safe" or "reef friendly" label is not regulated by the FDA or any agency. Any brand can put it on their product. To verify a sunscreen is truly reef-safe, check the active ingredients list:
UPF-rated rash guards, hats, and cover-ups provide excellent sun protection without any chemicals entering the water. They're especially useful for snorkeling — when your whole body is in the water and sunscreen washes off quickly anyway.
Healthy coral reefs do more than look beautiful — they are integral to the water quality that makes Hawaii's ocean swimmable. Reefs filter water, buffer wave energy, support the biodiversity that maintains a balanced marine ecosystem, and contribute to the clear blue water that defines Hawaiian beaches. When reefs degrade from bleaching and chemical exposure, water quality follows.
Choosing reef-safe sunscreen is one tangible action visitors can take to help. Combined with other reef-friendly behaviors — not touching or standing on coral, not feeding fish, choosing responsible tour operators — it adds up to meaningful impact.
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⚠️ Important Disclaimer
Safe to Swim Hawaii is an independent passion project. Sunscreen information on this page is provided for general educational purposes. Product recommendations are not endorsements — always read ingredient labels. For legal questions about Hawaii sunscreen law, consult the Hawaii Department of Health or an attorney.
Always verify current water quality with the Hawaii Department of Health Clean Water Branch before entering the water.
When in doubt, don't go out.